汝TRACKING SDG7THE ENERGYPROGRESSREPORT2025A joint report of the custodian agenciesleaUnited NationsTHE WORLD BANKWorld HealthOrganization2025 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank 1818 H Street NW,Washington,DC 20433Telephone:202-473 1000This work is a joint product of the International Energy Agency,the Intemational Renewable Energy Agency,the United Nations StatisticsDivision,the World Bank,and the World Health Organization,with external contributions.The findings,interpretations,and conclusionsexpressed here do not necessarily reflect the views of the organizations,their respective boards of directors(or equivalent),their members,or the governments they represent.The collaborating organizations do not guarantee the accuracy,completeness,or currency of the data included in this work and do notassume responsibility for any errors,omissions,or discrepancies in the information,or liability with respect to the use of or failure to use 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contentcontained within the work.Therefore,they do not warrant that the use of any component or part contained in the work that may be ownedby a third party will not infringe the rights of that party.The risk of claims resulting from such infringement rests solely with you.If you wish tore-use a component ofthe work,itis your responsibility to determine whether pemission is needed for thatre-use and to obtain permissionfrom the copyright owner.Examples of components include,but are not limited to,chapters,tables,figures,or images.Any queries about rights and licenses,including subsidiary rights,except as indicated below,should be addressed to World BankPublications,The World Bank Group,1818 H Street NW,Washington,DC 20433,USA:fax:202-522-2625;e-mail:pubrights@worldbank.org.Use of the following portions or chapters in the work other than as permitted under the CC BY-NC3.0 IGO license requires permissionfrom each of the relevant copyright owners other than the World Bank:Executive Summary-IEA,IRENA,UN,World Bank,and WHO,2025.Contact pubrights@wordbank.org for permission to use.Access to electricity-World Bank,2025.Contact pubrights@worldbank.org for permission to useAccess to clean fuels and technologies for cooking-WHO,2025.Contact permissions@who.int for pemission to use.Renewable energy-IEA IRENA and UN,2025.Contact rights@iea.org:publications@irena.org,and permissions@un.org for permissionto useEnergy efficiency-IEA and UN,2025.Contact rights@iear and pemissions@unorg for permission to use.Outlook for SDG7-IEA and IRENA,2025.Contact rights@iea.org and publications@irena.org for permission to use.Report designed by Duina ReyesCover photo:PHILLIPPE NYIRIMIHIGO/BBOXX CAPITAL RDC.Table of ContentsAcronyms and abbreviationsiAcknowledg mentsivExecutive summaryviiiCHAPTER 1.Access to electricity10CHAPTER 2.Access to clean fuels and technologies for cooking32CHAPTER 3.Renewables50CHAPTER 4.Energy efficiency76CHAPTER 5.International public financial flows to developingcountries in support of clean energy92CHAPTER 6.The outlook for SDG 7114CHAPTER 7.Tracking progress toward SDG 7 across targets:indicators and data136Annex 1.Methodological notes145Annex 2.References168Detailed datasets with country data for each SDG 7 indicator can be accessedat no charge at https://trackingsdg7.esmap.org/downloads.The chapters ofthis report may be downloaded individually from the same siteACRONYMS ANDABBREVIATIONSADBAsian Development BankAfDBAfrican Development BankCAGRcompound annual growth ratecarbon dioxideCOP282023 United Nations Climate Change ConferenceDREdecentralized renewable energyEBRDEuropean Bank for Reconstruction and DevelopmentEEOEJexajouleEMDEsemerging markets and developing economiesESMAPEnergy Sector Management Assistance ProgramEVelectric vehicleFCVfragility,conflict,and violenceGDPgross domestic productGEPGlobal Electrification PlatformGtCO2gig atons of carbon dioxideGWIBRDInternational Bank for Reconstruction and DevelopmentIDAInternational Development AssociationIEAInternational Energy AgencyIFCInternational Finance CorporationIRENAInternational Renewable Energy AgencyLDCleast-developed countryLLDClandlocked developing countryLMIClow-and middle-income countryLPGliquefied petroleum gasMDBmultil ateral development bankMEPSminimum energy performance standardsMJmegajouleTracking SDG 7:The Energy Progress Report 2025MTFMulti-Tier FrameworkMWhmegawatt-hourOECDOrganisation for Economic Co-operation and DevelopmentOGSoff-grid solarPAYGpay-as-you-goPPPpurchasing power parityPVphotovoltaicSDGSustainable Development GoalSIDSsmall island developing statesTFECtotal final energy consumptionTWterawattUNSDUnited Nations Statistics DivisionUSDUnited States dollarwattWHOWorld Health Organization运营动运营动运营动运动运动运动ACKNOWLEDGMENTSPartnershipTracking SDG 7:The Energy Progress Report is a product of close collaboration among the five SDG 7 custodianagencies operating through a specially constituted Steering Group.The agencies are:Intemational Energy Agency(IEA).United Nations Statistics Division (UNSD)World Bank.World Health Organization(WHO)The Steering Group was supported by the SDG 7 Technical Advisory Group,composed as follows.African Development Bank(AfDB)Ashoka Centre for a People-Centric Energy Transition(ACPET)Clean Cooking AllianceDenmark(Ministry of Foreign Affairs)ENERGIAEuropean Commission·FIA FoundationFood and Agricultural Organization(FAO)Germany(Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development)Intemational Labour Organization (ILO)Islamic Development BankKenya(Ministry of Energy and Petroleum)Latin American Energy Organization(OLADE)Modern Energy Cooking Services(MECS)Norway(Ministry of Foreign Affairs)Pakistan(Ministry of Foreign Affairs)Tracking SDG 7:The Energy Progress Report 2025·Power for AllRenewable Energy Policy Network for the 21st Century(REN 21)SDG 7 Youth ConstituencySwedish International Development Cooperation(SIDA)Sustainable Energy for All(SEforALL)TERI School of Advanced StudiesThe Netherlands(Ministry of Foreign Affairs)The United Nations Office of the High Representative for the Least Developed Countries,Landlocked DevelopingCountries and Small Island Developing States(UN-OHRLLS)UAE(Ministry of Foreign Affairs)United Kingdom(Foreign Commonwealth and Development Office)United Nations Association of ChinaUnited Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF)United Nations Department of Economics and Social Affairs(UN DESA)United Nations Development Programme(UNDP)United Nations Economic Commission for Africa(UNECA)United Nations Economic Commission for Asia and the Pacific(ESCAP)United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean(ECLAC).United Nations Economic Commission for Western Asia(ESCWA)United Nations Economic Programme for Europe(UNECE)United Nations Environment Programme(UNEP)United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)United Nations Human Settlements Programme(UN-Habitat)United Nations Industrial Development Organization(UNIDO)United Nations Institute for Training and Research(UNITAR)Vienna University of TechnologyThe financial and technical support of the Energy Sector Management Assistance Program(ESMAP)is gratefullyacknowledged.A partnership between the World Bank and 24 other entities,ESMAP helps low-and middle-incomecountries reduce poverty and boost growth through sustainable energy.ESMAP's analytical and advisory services arefully integrated within the World Bank's country financing and policy dialogue in the energy sector.AuthorshipThe Steering Group's work for the 2025 edition of the report was chaired by the International Renewable EnergyAgency(IRENA)and made possible by agreement among the seniormanagement of the custodian agencies.Fatih Birol(IEA),Francesco La Camera(IRENA),Stefan Schweinfest(UNSD),Demetrios Papathanasiou (World Bank),Maria Neira(WHO),and Fanny Missfeldt-Ringius(ESMAP-World Bank)oversaw the development of the report in collaborationwith Minoru Takada(UNDESA).Technical leadership of the project was the responsibility of Daniel Wetzel(IEA),Ute Collier(IRENA),Leonardo Souza(UNSD),Sandeep Kohli (World Bank),and Heather Adair-Rohani (WHO).The chapter on access to electricity was prepared by the World Bank(Sandeep Kohli,Raihan Elahi,PatrickRugwizangoga,Charles Alexander Miller,Jennifer Samantha Lynch,Jon Exel,James Albert Knuckles,Samantha M.Constant,Andreas Sahlberg,Ashish Shrestha,Bonsuk Koo,H.Stephen Halloway,Ushanjani Gollapudi,and FakhruzZamani).The chapter on clean cooking was prepared by WHO(Heather Adair-Rohani,Alina Cherkas,Karin Troncoso Torrez,and Wenlu Ye),with substantial contributions from Oliver Stoner(University of Glasgow).The chapter on renewable energy was prepared by IEA(Vasilios Anatolitis-Pelka,Trevor Criswell,Roberta Quadrelli,Juha Koykka,and Francois Briens)and IRENA(Mirjam Reiner,Hannah Guinto,Iman Abdulkadir Ahmed,and NazikElhassan),with substantial contributions from UNSD (Leonardo Souza and Jessica Ying Chan).The chapter on energy efficiency was prepared by IEA(Lucas Boehle,Juha Koykka,Roberta Quadrelli,and FedericoCallioni),with contributions from UNSD (Leonardo Souza and Jessica Ying Chan).The chapter on financial flows was prepared by IRENA(Faran Rana,Mirjam Reiner,Iman Abdulkadir Ahmed,NazikElhassan,Hannah Guinto,Diala Hawila and Dennis Akande).The outlook chapter was prepared by IEA(Bruno Idini and Daniel Wetzel),in cooperation with IRENA(MengzhuXiao,Mirjam Reiner,Stuti Piya,and Rodrigo Leme),and WHO(Heather Adair-Rohani,Alina Cherkas,and Wenlu Ye).The chapter on indicators and data was jointly prepared by the custodian agencies under the coordination ofIRENA(Mirjam Reiner).Tracking SDG 7:The Energy Progress Report 2025Data sourcesThe report draws on two meta databases of global household surveys-the Global Electrification Database managedby the World Bank and the Global Household Energy Database(and related estimates)managed by WHO.Energybalance statistics and indicators for renewable energy and energy efficiency were prepared by IEA(Roberta Quadrelliand Juha Koykka,with support from Alexandre Bizeul and Pouya Taghavi)and UNSD (Leonardo Souza,Jessica YingChan,Agnieszka Koscielniak,and Costanza Giovannelli).The indicator on international financial flows to developingcountries was prepared by IRENA(Nazik Elhassan,Iman Abdulkadir Ahmed,and Dennis Akande)based on the IRENAPublic Investments Database and the OECD/DAC Creditor Reporting System.Data on gross domestic product andvalue-added were drawn chiefly from the Intemational Monetary Fund database.Population data are from the UnitedNations Population Division.Review and consultationThe public consultation and peer review process was coordinated by the IRENA.Comments were provided by theClean Cooking Alliance;Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Intemationale Zusammenarbeit(GIZ)ENERGIA;the Food andAgricultural Organization(FAO);Norway(Ministry of Foreign Affairs);Sustainable Energy for All(SEforALL);the UnitedNations Children's Fund(UNICEF);the United Nations Development Programme(UNDP);the United Nations IndustrialDevelopment Organization(UNIDO);the United Nations Institute for Training and Research(UNITAR);and the UnitedNations Office of the High Representative for the Least Developed Countries,Landlocked Developing Countries andSmall Island Developing States.IEA's intemnal review process was led by Laura Cozzi,with contributions from Daniel Wetzel,Bruno ldini,FrancoisBriens,Vasilios Anatolitis-Pelka,Trevor Criswell,Lucas Boehle,Juha Koykka,and Roberta Quadrelli.IRENA's internalreview process was led by Ute Collier,with contributions from Mirjam Reiner,Caroline Ochieng,Dennis Akande,Ntsebo Sephelane,Hannah Sofia Guinto,Nazik Elhassan,Piya Stuti,Francis Field,Julian Prime,Ricardo Gorini,AthirNoucier,Michael Renner,and Celia Garcia-Banos.The UNSD's internal review process was led by Leonardo Souza,with contributions from Jessica Ying Chan.The World Bank's intemal peer review process was led by DemetriosPapathanasiou,with contributions from Fanny Missfeldt-Ringius,Sudeshna Ghosh,Dana Rysankova,and TigranParvanyan.OutreachThe communications process was led by Nanda Febriani Moenandar(IRENA)in coordination with the custodianagencies'communication focal points:Oliver Joy and Grace Gordon (IEA),Lucie Cecile Blyth (World Bank),PaulSafar(WHO),and,on behalf of UNSD,Francyne Harrigan,Pragati Pascale,and Veronika Ruskova (UN DESA).Theonline platform(http://trackingSDG7.esmap.org)was developed by Derilinx,Inc.The report was edited by Stephen D.Spector and Steven B.Kennedy;it was designed,and typeset by Duina Reyes.vii380Marathoner BeEXECUTIVESUMMARYince its inception in 2018,Tracking SDG 7:The Energy Progress Report has become the global referencefor information on progress toward the achievement of Sustainable Development Goal 7(SDG 7)of the UN2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.The aim of SDG 7 is to "ensure access to affordable,reliable,sustainable,and modern energy for all."This report therefore summarizes global progress on electricity access,clean cooking,renewable energy,energy efficiency,and intemational cooperation to advance SDG 7.It presentsupdated statistics for each of the indicators and provides policy insights on priority areas and actions needed to spurfurther progress on SDG 7.Agency(IRENA),the United Nations Statistics Division(UNSD),the World Bank,and the World Health Organization(WHO)-the five custodian agencies responsible for tracking progress toward SDG 7.Figure ES.1 offers a snapshotof the primary indicators for 2025.Progress toward 2030 targets remains off track,particularly in Sub-Saharan Africa,owing in part to the COVID-19pandemic and 2022 energy crisis.Nonetheless,globally,policy progress and technological advances have shownsome promising results,notably in boosting renewable energy deployment and achieving modest(though stillinsufficient)improvements in energy efficiency.Elements of the SDG 7 agenda gained new momentum throughvarious agreements in recent years,including the consensus reached at the 2023 United Nations Climate ChangeConference(COP28)to triple global renewable power capacity and double the global average annual rate ofimprovement in energy efficiency by 2030,and through the 2025 Dar es Salaam Declaration to expand electricityaccess,a declaration endorsed by 48 African countries.Scaling up clean cooking and electricity access,boosting renewable energy use,and improving energy efficiencyare essential for the achievement of the goals of SDG 7-and for meeting the development and socioeconomicenvironmental and socioeconomic challenges reflected in the SDG agenda as a whole.These goals will demand afundamental shift in energy production,distribution,and consumption,supported by greater investment,enablingpolicies,continued innovation,enhanced ambition and long-term planning.Addressing uneven progress andregional disparities requires collaboration among governments,the private sector,international organizations,and civil society,including on ensuring access to adequate financing and technical assistance.To foster inclusivetransitions,particular attention is required to help women and marginalized communities benefit from the energytransition.Empowering people-especially young people-with the skills and knowledge to engage in the energysector fosters a forward-looking mindset that is crucial for long-term progress.Executive SummaryFIGURE ES.1.PRIMARY INDICATORS OF GLOBAL PROGRESS TOWARD THE SDG 7 TARGETSINDICATOR2015LATEST YEAR7.1.1 Proportion of958666population with accessmillionmillionto electricitypeople withoutpeople withoutaccess to electricityaccess to electricity(2023)7.1.2 Proportion of2.72.1population with primarybillionbillionreliance on clean fuelsand technology forpeople without accesspeople without accesscookingto clean cookingto clean cooking(2023)15.6%17.9%7.2.1 Renewable energyshare of total finalshare of total finalshare in total finalenergy consumptionenergy consumptionenergy consumptionfrom renewablesfrom renewables(2022)7.3.1 Energy intensity4.263.87measured as a ratio ofMJ/USDMJ/USDprimary energy andprimary energyprimary energyGDPintensityintensity(2022)7.a.1 International financialflows to developing12.121.6countries in support ofUSD billionUSD billioninternational financialinternational financialdevelopment andrenewable energyflows to developingflows to developingproduction,includingcountries in support ofcountries in support ofin hybrid systemsclean energy(2023)2484787.b.1 Installed renewablewatts perwatts perenergy-generatingcapacity in developingcapitacapitaand developed countriesinstalled renewablesinstalled renewablescapacitycapacity(2023)Tracking SDG 7:The Energy Progress Report 2025SDG 7.1.1.ACCESS TO ELECTRICITYAlmost 92 percent of the world's population now has access to electricity,in contrast to 87 percent in 2010.In2023,increases in the number of people with access to electricity outpaced population growth,raising the rate of globalaccess to 92 percent and reducing the number of people without electricity to 666 million-19 million fewer than theprevious year.While this marks a positive trend,the growth rate needs to accelerate sharply to reach universal accessby 2030.The population remaining unconnected is likely to live in remote areas,have lower incomes,and face greaterconflict and violence than populations connected to date.Thus,renewed commitment and focus are needed to closethe gap and reach universal electricity access.The greatest growth in access between 2020 and 2023 occurred in Central and Southern Asia,while the paceof progress in Sub-Saharan Africa calls for significant acceleration.Central and Southern Asia have both madesignificant strides toward universal access,reducing their access gap from 414 million in 2010 tojust 27 million in 2023In Sub-Saharan Africa,35 million people gained access to electricity in 2023,but population growth over the sameperiod was 30 million,so the net electricity access gap for the region fell byjust 5 million(from 570 million in 2022 to 565million in 2023).The region now accounts for 85 percent ofthe global population withoutelectricity,up from 50 percentin 2010.Of the countries with the largest access deficits(according to 2023 data),18 of the top 20 were in Sub-SaharanAfrica.As in the previous year,the deficits in Nigeria(86.6 million),the Democratic Republic of Congo(79.6 million),andEthiopia(56.4 million)alone accounted for more than one-third of the world's population without electricity.Thus newefforts must focus on Sub-Saharan Africa,and especially on the countries with the greatest access gaps.The urban-rural divide continues to shrink.Rural areas continued to bear the brunt of the electricity access challenge,with 84 percent ofthose lacking electricity in 2023living in rural communities.While overall progress in rural electrificationoutpaced that in urban areas,it was driven largely by advancements in Central and Southern Asia,where the numberof people without access in rural areas dropped from 383 million in 2010 to just 24.8 million in 2023.In Sub-SaharanAfrica,meanwhile,rural population growth outpaced electrification efforts,leaving 451.1 million people in rural areaswithout electricity in 2023.Mini-grid and stand-alone off-grid solar solutions continue to be key to expanding electricity access owing to theirease of deployment and their ability to meet lower and more dispersed loads cost effectively.While electrificationprograms have traditionally focused on extending the national grid,recent experience in high-deficit countries in Sub-Saharan Africa shows that grid-extension costs are prohibitive for areas with dispersed or remote populations-and gridsupply is often unreliable.Decentralized energy solutions provided 55 percent of the new connections in Sub-SaharanAfrica between 2020 and 2022,proving resilient to macroeconomic challenges,as more than 50 million off-grid solarproducts were sold in both 2022 and 2023.Decentralized energy solutions can usually be deployed faster than gridextension at a lower cost per connection,offering the option to attract both private and public sector finance.Mini-gridsare reliable and can support a wide variety of productive uses.To realize the full potential of off-grid products to deliver reliable,affordable,and sustainable electrificationsolutions,more granular data,tailored funding mechanisms,and technical expertise will be needed.Improvingdata quality,frequent monitoring of progress,and awillingness to revisit priorities are crucial to successful implementationof decentralized renewable energy.Addressing regulatory obstacles and bureaucratic bottlenecks and complementingtraditional financing with innovative approaches(such as blended financing or monetization of environmental benefits)remain priorities.Greater use of off-grid products can also strengthen women and girl's equitable economic participationin the energy workforce by making electricity more affordable for female-headed households.Executive Summary3SDG 7.1.2.ACCESS TO CLEAN FUELSAND TECHNOLOGIES FOR COOKINGAlthough some progress has been made over the past two decades,the world is still not on track to achieveuniversal access by 2030 to clean cooking fuels and technologies(such as stoves powered by electricity,liquefied petroleum gas,natural gas,biogas,or ethanol).In 2023,as in 2022,74 percent of the world's populationhad access,up from 64 percent in 2015.Still,roughly a quarter of the world's population-around 2.1 billion people-remains dependent on polluting fuels and technologies(charcoal,coal,crop waste,dung,kerosene,and wood)forcooking.If current trends continue,only 78 percent of the global population will have access to clean cooking by2030.This shortfall would leave nearly 1.8 billion people without clean cooking fuels and solutions.By region,access deficits have been shrinking in Eastern Asia and South-eastern Asia,as well as in CentralAsia and Southern Asia-thanks largely to policy measures and rising incomes.However,in Sub-Saharan Africa,the number of people lacking access continues to grow at a rate of 14 million people yearly,with gains in accessoutpaced by rapid population growth.Moreover,in 2023,the proportion of the population that had access to cleancooking fuels and technologies was 60 percent in small island developing states(SIDS),only 28 percent in landlockeddeveloping countries(LLDCs),and a mere 21 percent in least-developed countries(LDCs)-figures thatlag significantlybehind the global average.Of the 20 countries with the highest access deficits,eight(all of them LDCs)house largenumbers of displaced populations.In the same eight countries,fewer than 10 percent of households use clean fuels,reflecting severe infrastructure gaps that exacerbate socioeconomic effects and heighten the vulnerabilities of thesepopulations.Sub-Saharan Africa continues to show a notably wider gap between urban and rural access,with 42 percent ofthe urban population having access compared with just 7 percent in rural areas.Globally,urban access averagesaround 89 percent,while rural access is around 55 percent.The lower access levels in Sub-Saharan Africa influence theglobal averages considerably.If Sub-Saharan Africa is excluded,the global access rate would be 94.5 percentin urbanareas and 67.3 percent in rural areas.In 2023,the dominant cooking fuels in low-and middle-income countries were gaseous fuels(liquefiedpetroleum gas,natural gas,and biogas)and electricity.In rural and peri-urban areas,solid biomass,such aswood,dung,and agricultural residues remain common fuels.The lack of access to clean cooking affects the poorand vulnerable disproportionately,placing a particularly heavy burden on women and children,exposing them tohousehold air pollution and limiting their educational and economic opportunities because of the substantial amountof time they spend on cooking and gathering fuel.At the current pace,the vast majority of low-and middle-income countries are likely to miss the 2030universal access target unless efforts are strengthened.Although global progress over the past decade has beenconsiderable-lifting tens of millions of people annually out of reliance on polluting fuels-in smaller,less-developedcountries (including LDCs,LLDCs,and SIDS)the adoption of clean cooking has stagnated.With just five years left to achieve universal access to clean cooking under SDG 7,urgent action is needed.Governments and stakeholders across sectors need to scale up investments,prioritize vulnerable populations,andintegrate clean cooking into broader energy access efforts to ensure a just and inclusive transition for the sake ofhealth,equity,and climate protection.Moreover,it is worth noting that while clean cooking has become a majorfocus of energy transition in many countries,transitioning to cleaner energy for household heating and lighting alsocontributes to better health and climate outcomes.Tracking SDG 7:The Energy Progress Report 2025SDG 7.2 7.b,1.RENEWABLE ENERGYIn 2022,the global share of renewable energy sources in total final energy consumption (TFEC)-a mainindicator of progress-stood at 17.9 percent,having gradually increased by over three percentage points in thepreceding 15 years.TFEC continued to rise despite the disruption caused by the pandemic and the ensuing energycrisis.While no quantitative milestone has yet been set for target 7.2 to significantly increase the share of renewableenergy in the energy mix,current trends indicate that progress has not been sufficient to accomplish intemationalclimate and developmentobjectives,including the pledge to triple global renewables-based power capacity by 2030.To keep global climate targets within reach,the deployment of renewable energy must accelerate across thekey categories of electricity,heat,and transport.Renewables-based electricity use rose by almost 8 percent from2021 to 2022,and it has risen by 56 percent from 2015.As of 2022,renewables made up almost 30 percent of globalelectricity consumption.Continuous new capacity additions-mainly in wind and solar photovoltaics(PV)-more thantripled wind and solar PV generation in 2022 over 2015.(During the same period,hydropower remained predominant,meeting 15 percent of global electricity demand.)Progress across regions and countries varies widely depending on resource availability,policy support,consumption patterns,access to adequate financing,and energy efficiency performance.The share of modernuses of renewable energy is the largest in Latin America and the Caribbean,at 28 percent of TFEC in 2022,due to useof bioenergy for industrial processes,biofuels for transport,and hydropower generation.While renewable energyconstitutes around two-thirds of TFEC in Sub-Saharan Africa,modern uses of renewables-excluding traditional usesof biomass-represent only 12 percent of TFEC in the region.The share of renewable sources in energy consumption varies widely at the national level.Only 11 countriesamong the top 20 energy-consuming countries recorded a higher TFEC in 2022 than in 2021.The Republic of Korealed the field in growing the modern use of renewables(+16 percent),followed by Turkiye (+15 percent).Brazil andCanada continued to lead in the share of modern uses of renewables(45 and 24 percent of TFEC,respectively).Andbetween 2010 and 2022,the United Kingdom,Germany,and China achieved the largest increases in the share ofmodern uses of renewables in TFEC(+10,+8,and +8 percentage points,respectively).In 2022,renewable sources accounted for around 21 percent of the world's use of energy for heat,while theirshare in transport-related TFEC rose to 3.9 percent,up from 3 percent in 2015.Global final energy consumptionfor transport increased 4 percent (+5 EJ)in 2022.The number of electric vehicles on the road swelled from 11.3million in 2020 and 16.5 million in 2021 to more than 26.3 million in 2022.Including the charging of those vehicles,the renewable share of total electricity used in transport climbed from 20 percent in 2010 to 29.6 percent in 2022.Installed renewable energy capacity reached an all-time high of 478 watts per capita in 2023,but greaterefforts are needed on target 7.b:expanding infrastructure and upgrading technology to supply modern andsustainable energy services for all in developing countries.Continuing the theme of disparities,developedcountries(at 1,162 watts per capita)have 3.4 times more renewable power per capita than developing countries(341watts per capita).Sub-Saharan Africa remains critically behind at only 40 watts per capita,a level that only allows forbasic energy services such as lighting or phone charging.Although LDCs(40 watts per capita),LLDCs(105 watts percapita),and SIDSs(110 watts per capita)have made gradual progress in expanding renewable capacity,deploymentremains well below developing country and global levels.Executive Summary