The Aftermath of the 2025 U.S. Tariffs: How Countries Are Adapting to anUncertain Global Trade SystemThe Aftermath of the 2025 U.S. Tariffs: How Countries Are Adapting to anUncertain Global Trade SystemGLOBAL TRADE & INNOVATIONPOLICY ALLIANCE
GLOBAL TRADE AND INNOVATION POLICY ALLIANCE CONTENTS About the Global Trade and Innovation Policy Alliance ........................................................... 3 Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 4 Country Responses One Year After “Liberation Day” .............................................................. 5 The Disruptor and Trade Negotiator: United States ............................................................. 5 Allied De-Riskers: Japan and Taiwan ................................................................................. 6 Allied Autonomy-Seekers: Austria, Bulgaria, Germany, Greece, Italy, Poland, Spain, and Sweden ..................................................................................................................................... 6 Open-Market Frontliners: Argentina, Chile, Hungary, Peru, and Singapore ............................ 8 Global South Multi-Aligned Protectionists: Brazil, Ghana, India, and Vietnam ....................... 8 Friendly Opportunity-Seekers: Dominican Republic, Ecuador, North Macedonia, and Pakistan 9 Country Cases .................................................................................................................. 10 Argentina ..................................................................................................................... 10 Austria ......................................................................................................................... 15 Brazil ........................................................................................................................... 18 Bulgaria ....................................................................................................................... 21 Canada ........................................................................................................................ 22 Chile............................................................................................................................ 23 Dominican Republic ...................................................................................................... 24 Ecuador ....................................................................................................................... 28 Germany ...................................................................................................................... 33 Ghana .......................................................................................................................... 33 Greece ......................................................................................................................... 35 Hungary ....................................................................................................................... 38 India................................
